The sulfuric acid process is the dominant technology for lithium extraction from spodumene. However, this process generates huge quantities of waste residue and needs high-temperature pretreatment. The process can be optimized if other high-value elements are found in spodumene deposits, residual lithium can be recycled during mining and processing, and energy savings can be achieved. This paper evaluates the sulfuric acid process for lithium extraction from spodumene from an operational, economic, and environmental perspective. The integration of evaporators and crystallizers during lithium extraction and processing is also reviewed. Finally, further research opportunities for making the process more cost- effective are identified

Geological origin, lithium concentration, extraction technologies and production of battery-grade lithium compounds

Commonly known as «forever chemicals», PFAS represents a critical challenge for global environmental health due to their extreme persistence and inability to degrade under natural conditions

A comprehensive guide to industrial wastewater treatment technologies, applications, design, optimization, and environmental compliance for engineering students and environmental technology professionals.

Acid pickling is a crucial process in the steel industry, used to remove oxides and scale from the surface of carbon steel materials such as plates, profiles, tubes, coils, and wire rod. This treatment enhances the quality of the steel surface, ensuring better adhesion for subsequent coatings or treatments.